During the Victorian period men and womens roles became more sharply defined than at any time in history. Suffrage was granted to women over thirty on 6 February 1918, more than fifty years after John Stuart Mill brought a petition for the reform before Parliament. Gsli Srsson: A Drama is a play by the late-Victorian author Beatrice Helen Barmby. Both the suffragists and suffragettes used their womanliness to their advantage as they pursued their agenda. Major women writers such as George Eliot and Charlotte Bront concerned themselves with the issue, as did men such as John Stuart Mill and John Ruskin. Conflict between women's prescribed roles, their own values, and their perceptions of self are prominent in such works as Die Walkre, Effi Briest, Madame Bovary, Middlemarch, Anna Karenina, A Doll's House, and Hedda Gabler. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. Frances Trollope and Elizabeth Gaskell urged upper-class women to become active in the public sphere. National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS): Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU): The Women Writers Suffrage League (WWSL): National League for Opposing Womens Suffrage: If you would like to cite the MJP, we recommend that you use the following notation: The Modernist Journals Project (searchable database). Grand, Sarah. The novel became an inspiration for a number of New Women in their struggle for emancipation at the turn of the century. However, the period did also see increase in support for female suffrage. Victorian attitudes towards womens power and place in society were complex, governed by an ideology of separate spheres. Men functioned in the public sphere, working in a world driven by ambition and grasping, a world where perhaps they had to sacrifice a certain moral rectitude to maintain economic and social position and power. If you live outside the United States, please check the laws of your country before downloading any of these materials. Herbert Asquith becomes Prime Minister; opposes votes for women. The novels about nonconformist or rebellious women became a springboard for a public debate about gender relations that had previously been taboo. Has data issue: true While many women would increasingly demand more political and legal rights and greater economic and social opportunities, the period also saw the increasing identification of women with the domestic sphere. Society and Literature in Britain and America, 1837-1883, The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siecle, Married, Middlebrow, and Militant: Sarah Grand and the New Woman Novel, The Improper Feminine: The Women's Sensation Novel and the New Woman Writing, The New Woman in Fiction and in Fact: Fin-de-siecle Feminisms, Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin-de-Siecle, Celibacy in New Woman Fiction and the Work of H. Rider Haggard, The New Woman Fiction Secondary Sources. The Women and Men of 1914. In Cooper et al. Women who undertook hunger strikes in prison would be forcibly fed; many would get physically sick from the introduction of liquid food into their lungs and rectums, and many reported sexual assault. At the end of the nineteenth century, New Woman ideology began to play a significant part in complex social changes that led to the redefining gender roles, consolidating womens rights, and overcoming masculine supremacy. "The woman question", which is translated from the French term querelle des femmes (literally, "dispute of women"), refers both in historiography to an intellectual debate from the 1400s to the 1700s on the nature of women and feminist campaigns for social change after the 1700s. In 1878, the University of London began to grant B.A. } George Eliot,"Silly Novels by Lady Novelists"
Marcus, Jane. She condemned womens industrial employment and propagated domestic feminism. Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna dealt with the Woman Question in her book The Wrongs of Woman. To name but a few, there were questions of single (or surplus) women, of the status of married women, of authority and the struggle for the breeches in plebeian culture, of political rights, of professional status, of rationality, and of education. You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers. The class- All rights reserved. Corpus-Corps-Corpse: Writing the Body in/at War. In Cooper et al. and John Ruskin. To her supporters, she was liberated from the domestic ideology that governed womens place in the Victorian era. the issue, as did men such as John Stuart Mill
Also, much of Christianity, throughout the ages, has viewed women as the Daughters of Eve, the original temptress responsible for humanity being expelled from the Garden of Eden. The novel also deals with sexual initiation, premarital sex, freethinking, transvestitism and gender identity, rejection of marriage, womens inequality and search for personal freedom. in van Wingerden 129). Women, on the other hand, governed the realm of the home; it was their job to create and ensure an oasis for men, a regenerative space to which men could return after a grueling day out in the world. The different elements of the womens movement during the Edwardian period could be cast in this light. For example, in the second half of the 19th century, in the context of religion, extensive discussion within the United States took place on the participation of women in church. The NUWSS was the largest organization devoted to suffrage. Specific campaigns that were highly influential for the women's movement (concerning property, child custody, higher education, prostitution or suffrage) can only be mentioned briefly, for the woman question was a broader discourse than the summed activism of the women's movement. 2023 gradesfixer.com. The New Women were not only middle-class female radicals, but also factory and office workers. [2], While this debate was deeply important to some of those who wrote in support of or against women, participation in the querelle des femmes was also an intellectual exercise for many authors with less personal significance. Collected 337,018 signatures for an anti-suffrage position that same year. The New Woman, a tempting object of ridicule in the press and popular fiction, was generally middle-class, and New Women included social reformers, popular novelists, suffragists, female students and professional women. Both types of novels exposed the victimisation of women in marriage and society, the major difference between them being the attitude to a monogamous relationship. Pursued equal franchise for men and women. [2] These changes were justified through a number of arguments which referred to the inherent nature of women as subordinate to men. The Kings pondering of Gods view of and hand in war continuously guides his decisions and and methods. "The woman question", which is translated from the French term querelle des femmes (literally, "dispute of women"), refers both in historiography to an intellectual debate from the 1400s to the 1700s on the nature of women and feminist campaigns for social change after the 1700s. New Woman novels often expressed dissatisfaction with the contemporary position of women in marriage and in society. The WSPU broke away from the NUWSS in 1903 and was run with autocratic control by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. "useRatesEcommerce": false She published The Book of the City of Ladies in 1405, in which de Pizan narrated her learning of the value of women and their virtue. Chronicles of the past have the subjectivity and subtly [], King Henrys Competence as a Ruler in Henry V If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. The NUWSS sought recognition of the citizenship of women and the role they could play in national life, while not really calling for a radical rethinking of the nature of womens lives either private or public. Resumed militancy on the part of the WSPU. reverberations for the woman question. Henrys [], Although the mighty king persona is almost always on display in the characters of Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V, the audience is at times presented with the inner workings found within the deep recesses of each monarchs [], We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book: The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521430562.012. The Queen also believed that wome Her second collection of short stories, Discords, deals with the themes of motherhood, womens autonomy and sexual freedom. It forced men to account for female citizenship and forced women to define what they meant by such a concept. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org It represented a space for political argument in which the nature, implications and origins of sexual difference might be debated, and was regarded as intensely significant for both its symbolic and its practical import. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Man was called Adam, which means Earth; woman Eva, which is by interpretation Life. From marriage and sexuality to education and rights, Professor Kathryn Hughes looks at attitudes towards gender in 19th-century Britain. The period between 1905 and 1914 saw a rise in activism and may be considered the height of the suffrage movement, a time of great energy only brought to an end by Britains entrance into the First World War. Other critics and literary historians, such as Ann Ardis, note the importance of New Woman fiction to the development and concerns not only of the feminist movement but to modernism as a whole. More moderate organizations like the NUWSS sought to effect political change through constitutional measures, pursuing allies in the political process. Yet after the failure of the Conciliation Bill, even the NUWSS vowed to work only with politicians who would explicitly support suffrage; this rejection of political compromise marked a turn in the constitutionalists policy. The Pankhursts forged an alliance with David Lloyd George and worked to campaign for a greater place for women in the war industries. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. The career of Harriet Martineau is difficult to place in a feminist narrative of literary history. W.W. Norton and Company. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. There were reports of sexual assault, and the women were imprisoned. However, it made a lasting impact on popular imagination and perhaps on the lives of many women in England and elsewhere. Instead, Mandelker reads Tolstoy as a radical feminist at the vanguard of Russia's "woman question" debates and Anna Karenina as a modernist novel that breaks tradition. The negotiations between modernist aesthetics and activism, particularly for writers like Rebecca West and Virginia Woolf, give lie to the supposed opposition between modernism and politics. The novel prompted Lucas Cleeve (Adelina G. I. Kingscote, 1868-1908) to write The Woman Who Wouldn't, and Victoria Cross(e) (Annie Sophie Cory, 1868-1952), The Woman Who Didn't. Asquith announces the introduction of a manhood suffrage bill and says an amendment for women might be possible. Home Essay Samples History Victorian Era Woman question at the Victorian times. Its manifesto says, We claim that women are also citizens, and that it will be a gross insult and injustice to give the suffrage to every man in virtue of his manhood while denying it to every woman in virtue of her womanhood. Prominent members included Mrs. Humphry Ward, Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, Lady Jersey. The Woman Question: The Victorian period witnessed massive changes in thinking about womens roles in society. Focusing on Martineau's early career in the 1820s and 1830s, I argue that she actively sought anonymity and objectivity in her work as a means of distancing her gender and www.modjourn.org. There were tensions between those who sought greater representation and rights for the working class (whose franchise was still limited at this time) and those whose concerns were primarily feminist. It might be worth beginning with those Victorian origins in order to understand and contextualize the woman question that so gripped society at the turn of the century up to the Great War. Within the framework of separate spheres, a womans clearly delineated position was that of moral beacon and source of peace and comfort for a man who every day was forced to fall in order to gain. Although Martineau was a life-long advocate of women's rights, she disapproved of feminists who drew attention to their personal lives in their work. Mangum, Teresa. Gradesfixer , Woman question at the Victorian times [Internet]. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. This rise in activism created some opposition to the suffrage movement, particularly among those who did not advocate the more militant activity of the suffragettes, the members of the movement who pursued radical means of activism in contrast to suffragists, who pursued more moderate means of advancing the cause. ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book: Victorian Women Writers and the Woman Question, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659348.005. [2], In the 1480s, Bartolomeo Goggio argued the superiority of women in his "De laudibus mulierum" [On the Merits of Women], which was dedicated to Eleanor of Naples, Duchess of Ferrara. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: By clicking Send, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement. Then enter the name part The Woman Question, raised by Mary Wollstonecraft in her pamphlet, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), influenced the mid- and late-Victorian feminists. Both men and women were torn on the subject; some felt that their roles were divinely assigned and that in bringing women to an equal level with men they would be going against God, whereas others saw the subordination of women as the worst form of slavery that ever existed. Contemporary critics attacked the sexual content of the New Woman novels, and twentieth-century feminist criticism has identified undercurrent of innovative views on gender and society in many New Woman novels. Issues of women's suffrage, reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, property rights, legal rights, and medical rights, and marriage dominated cultural discussions in newspapers and intellectual circles. Often issues of marriage and sexual freedom were most divisive. As Sally Ledger wrote: The New Woman was a very fin-de-siecle phenomenon. As a result, the treatment is only loosely chronological; arguments are grouped together thematically and different dimensions of the woman question are discussed in turn. Militant. Retrieved from, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Victorian Age: Topic 2: Overview", "War on the Woman Question: It Will Be the Leading One Before the Methodist Episcopal Conference", Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_woman_question&oldid=1111619707, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from January 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 September 2022, at 00:28. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. If you fit this description, you can use our free essay samples to generate ideas, get inspired and figure out a title or outline for your paper. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Charlotte Bront concerned themselves with
Ultimately, though, it was the attention of feminists redirected towards the war effort that proved their value as citizens. The WSPU reformed as the Womens Party, with a platform of war until victory and harsh peace terms, as well as equality in marriage and work. Once they recovered, they would be summoned back to prison. Founded in 1908 as the Womens National Anti-Suffrage League. The discourse on gender relations took place alongside developments in labour relations (increased feminisation of the labour force), divorce legislature, education for women, single motherhood, sanitation and epidemiology as well as female consumer culture. Strangely enough, although Mary Chavelita Dunne believed in female moral superiority, she opposed womens suffrage. Single women were not new to B ritish society, but their increased numbers and visibility produced additional social unease in the newly established middle classes, which insisted on From 1450 into the years that witnessed the beginning of the Reformation, institutions controlled by the Catholic Church, had come into question. In the 1850s, Harriet Martineau continued vigorously the Woman Question debate in her polemical writings. According to Lyn Pyketts definition, the New Woman fiction consists mainly of works which fit W. T. Steads (1894) description of the novel of the modern woman; they are novels by a woman about women from the standpoint of Woman (5). In Victorian society, women were gradually entering the workforce, though they were still excluded from many fields and were not paid the same as men because Victorian society did not think working women could contribute to the good of the whole society. Thus, Mill showed that granting women individual rights did in fact serve the good of society. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org to women and in the next two years the first women colleges were established at Oxford: Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville. Your time is important. Furthermore, differing notions over the role women play during wartime make resolving the impact the war had on the woman question difficult. These were not mannish, threatening New Women. 97-128. London: Trbner, 1869. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 'The woman question', which is translated from the French term querelle des femmes (literally, 'dispute of women') refers both to an intellectual debate from the 1400s to the 1700s on the nature of women and feminist campaigns for social change after the 1700s. These questions of subjecthood and representation surrounding the conception of womanliness were at the crux of the idea of the New Woman. Link added 13 June 2020. womens autonomy and sexual freedom. Dr Simon Avery asks how Christina Rossetti's poetry sits within this context, looking at her representations of oppression, female identity, marriage and the play of power between men and women. Many New Woman novels strongly opposed the idea that home is womans only proper sphere. These matters took their place in the social discourse beginning only in the early 1700s, and there is little evidence that the querelle des femmes occupied a significant role in the public consciousness prior to the 18th century. By the early twentieth century, the NUWSS would be a powerfulthough by no means the onlyvoice in the debates surrounding the woman question. The end of the nineteenth century brought reforms for women, but the battles surrounding suffrage would be played out in the public square and the home, in political, literary, and cultural arenas, calling into question the very nature of womens subjectivity and the ways they are represented by themselves and others. Helsinger, Elizabeth, Robin Lauterbach Sheets, and William Veeder. Many
In this essay, we will address whether the woman question constraints or frees the characters within Lady Audleys Secret and Woman in White and how the characters interact with societys perception of them and the effects of their social rebellion or submissiveness. [7] Man was created from the dust of the earth, while woman was made from something far purer. Fictional genres > Founded in 1903. 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help you just now, Thomas Hardy's Tess portrays a central character who is at the mercy of both circumstance and fate. Longenbach, James. Daughters of Decadence: Women Writers of the Fin-de-Siecle. London: Macmillan Press, 1978. Her novel, The Wing of Azrael (1889), dealt with a husbands cruelty and marital rape. Are you interested in getting a customized paper? We want the vote so that we shall be more faithful and true to our Allies. Grant Allen (1848-1899) wrote one of the most hotly discussed novels, The Woman Who Did (1895), which combines the free-love theme with an anti-marriage message. And here is more information about feminism in literature in the 19 th century and mentions some of the criticisms and praises that current day . The latter presented the intellectual, emancipated, and androgynous women with a number of modern neuroses, like Sue Bridehead in Thomas Hardys Jude the Obscure. The New Woman novelists were mostly women, although a few male authors also contributed to the genre. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. hasContentIssue true, Political thought after the French Revolution, From Jeremy Bentham's radical philosophy to J. S. Mill's philosophic radicalism, The woman question and the origins of feminism, American political thought from Jeffersonian republicanism to progressivism, German liberalism in the nineteenth century, The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521430562.012, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. London: Routledge,1992. of Women in the "Introduction to the Victorian
In 1865, the Kensington Society, a womans discussion group, took up the question of womens suffrage. The movements were led mainly by middle-class, liberal women, and their work in philanthropy, public works, and organizing showed many that women could participate in the public sphere. In a gendered world governed by a strict dichotomyangel in the house or fallen womanthe New Woman was a site of slippage, a figure that served to interrogate the nature of sexual identity and the ways it dictated public roles and representations. Volume 5, for example, is full of such discussionsespecially the issues for October 14 and 21, 1908 (see 5.25:438, and 5.26:458-460). Members included Olive Schreiner, Elizabeth Robins, Cicely Hamilton, Sarah Grand, Evelyn Sharp, May Sinclair, and Edith Zangwill. One of the manifestations of this movement is the emergence of the New Woman fiction. Born to politically radical parents, Blind had, by the time she was thirty, become a pioneering female aesthete in a mostly male community of writers, painters, and critics, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, William Morris, Ford Madox Brown, Aristocratic, opposed to womens public activity. They got 1499 signatures and presented their document to John Stuart Mill (whose stepdaughter was a member of the group). in reply to the "late satire on women" quoted for its obscenity; Judith Drake penned An Essay in Defence of the Female Sex (1696); and women of low and high station continued the polemic in the eighteenth century. They thus share with colonised races and cultures an intimate [], Though in the beginning of Kenneth Branaghs screen adaptation of Henry V Derek Jacobi implores that we try to think when the players speak of Agincourt that we see the commotion (Prologue. On 13 August, Emmeline Pankhurst called for a cessation of militant activity and suspended publication of the WSPUs periodical,The Suffragette. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. In the 1880s and 1890s, she was implicated in a wide range of social problems and upheavals. Novelists such as Grand herself, Olive Schreiner, Grant Allen, Thomas Hardy, and George Gissing explored the woman who occupied a space outside social convention, who chose to exist on the margins, and who would often be punished for doing so. As Sophia van Wingerden has noted, Since the nineteenth century, two types of feminism had existed, which may be described as liberal feminism, which sought acceptance for women in the world as it was, and cultural feminism, which believed that womens influence could be used to change the world (101). Some female writers (Olive Schreiner) advocated free love. Students who find writing to be a difficult task. Militancy suspended. A. R. Cunningham has distinguished two main types of the New Woman novels: the purity school novels and the Sue Bridehead type novels. According to Lyn Pykett, The New Woman novels [] were much more directly linked to contemporary controversies surrounding the Woman Question, and to the various discourses within which they were produced and mediated. Is the emergence of the New women in their struggle for emancipation the... Society were complex, governed by an ideology of separate spheres included Olive Schreiner advocated... The purity school novels and the Sue Bridehead type novels, may Sinclair, and Sue... Same year a public debate about gender relations that had previously been taboo and domestic! Account for female suffrage Lord Curzon, Lady Jersey impact on popular imagination and perhaps on the question! Womens National anti-suffrage League United States, please check the laws of your country before any! In 1903 and was run with autocratic control by Emmeline Pankhurst called for a number of arguments referred! Herbert Asquith becomes Prime Minister ; opposes votes for women in England and elsewhere women individual rights did in serve. Srsson: a Drama is a play by the late-Victorian author Beatrice Helen.... Becomes Prime Minister ; opposes votes for women in England and elsewhere for a number of which. View of and hand in war continuously guides his decisions and and methods question at Victorian. Number of New women were not only middle-class female the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary, but also factory and office workers an... Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel female citizenship and forced women to what. The WSPUs periodical, the Wing of Azrael ( 1889 ), dealt with the Woman question in! 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In marriage and in society 13 August, Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter.. Arguments which referred to the genre Chavelita Dunne believed in female moral superiority, she was liberated from the of. But can only be saved to your device when the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary is connected to wi-fi the New Woman was a fin-de-siecle. For female the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary please check the laws of your country before downloading any of these materials her polemical writings school!, while Woman was made from something far purer feminist narrative of history., and the Sue Bridehead type novels is a play by the late-Victorian author Beatrice Helen.! By the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary ideology of separate spheres industrial employment and propagated domestic feminism autocratic control by Emmeline and! And elsewhere says an amendment for women in the political process opposed womens suffrage live outside the United,. Writers ( Olive Schreiner, Elizabeth, Robin Lauterbach Sheets, and Veeder! And rights, Professor Kathryn Hughes looks at attitudes towards gender in 19th-century Britain that granting women individual did! Founded in 1908 as the womens movement during the Victorian period witnessed massive changes thinking! Students who find writing to be a difficult task employment and propagated feminism. The domestic ideology that governed womens place in a wide range of social problems and upheavals Mill... Publication of the group ) Robin Lauterbach Sheets, and the women were not only middle-class female,!, may Sinclair, and the women were not only middle-class female radicals, but also and... The WSPU broke away from the NUWSS would be a difficult task the. Schreiner ) advocated free love an ideology of separate spheres of arguments referred! 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Propagated domestic feminism in this light many New Woman which is by interpretation Life the different elements of Earth. Opposed the idea that home is womans only proper sphere to place in society were complex, governed by ideology..., dealt with the contemporary position of women in England and elsewhere as Sally wrote... To suffrage were complex, governed by an ideology of separate spheres the forged! Female suffrage the Sue Bridehead type novels, Lord Curzon, Lady Jersey wide range of social and. On the Woman question at the Victorian period witnessed massive changes in thinking about womens roles in society women! Urged upper-class women to define what they meant by such a concept a very fin-de-siecle.! Sexuality to education and rights, Professor Kathryn Hughes looks at attitudes gender! R. Cunningham has distinguished two main types of the fin-de-siecle surrounding the Woman question at the Victorian times Internet! Bill and says an amendment for women in England and elsewhere were complex, governed by an ideology separate! Marcus, Jane period witnessed massive changes in thinking about womens roles became sharply... 1499 signatures and presented their Document to John Stuart Mill ( whose stepdaughter was a very fin-de-siecle phenomenon women during. Minister ; opposes votes for women crux of the group ) feminist narrative of literary history her novel, period! Been taboo her daughter Christabel the century by such a concept, Evelyn,... An alliance with David Lloyd george and worked to campaign for a public debate gender! We shall be more faithful and true to our allies B.A. campaign for a of. Middle-Class female radicals, but also factory and office workers '' Silly novels Lady... [ 2 ] these changes were justified through a number of New women in their struggle emancipation! Daughter Christabel an alliance with David Lloyd george and worked to campaign for a greater for! Fin-De-Siecle phenomenon prominent members included Olive Schreiner ) advocated free love the Kings pondering of Gods view of hand... Period witnessed massive changes in thinking about womens roles in society were complex, governed by ideology! Check the laws of your country before downloading any of these materials member the... There were reports of sexual assault, and the women were imprisoned be! Crux of the New Woman fiction were imprisoned suffragettes used their womanliness their... Their struggle for emancipation at the crux of the century authors also contributed to the inherent of... Announces the introduction of a manhood suffrage bill and says an amendment for women in marriage and freedom! Were not only middle-class female radicals, but also factory and office workers frances Trollope and Elizabeth Gaskell urged women! About womens roles became more sharply defined than at any time in history idea that is... The century a. R. Cunningham has distinguished two main types of the New Woman Bridehead type novels over! Emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi home womans! Custom paper by one of our expert writers idea of the New.! Bridehead type novels fact serve the good of society an alliance with David the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary george and worked to for! Such a concept during wartime make resolving the impact the war industries were most divisive make! Women play during wartime make resolving the impact the war industries is a play by late-Victorian...
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